Forces that are acting perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam cause bending stresses which are termed as flexural stresses, beside flexural stresses beams also undergo shear stresses and normal stresses. We know from the basic concepts of internal forces in the beams that whenever some load either dead load, live load, imposed load, … Read more
We all know that concrete is vulnerable to temperature changes it usually shrinks and expands due to some temperature variations, in such a condition most of the times a crack is intentionally introduced so that any expansion or shrinkage in a panel would not produce uncontrolled cracks as a result of stress production within the … Read more
Sediment transport in streams and rivers is inevitable as the stream or river transport capacity rises and falls with the streamflow. If the transport capacity in a location exceeds the sediment supply, erosion will occur. Streambank erosion must be controlled in critical areas (e.g. near bridge crossings) for safety as well as economic reasons. The … Read more
For working stress approach, service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is not utilized in the full extent. In this method of design, stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values. In fact, the whole structure … Read more
As we move across highways we see a mess in traffic, cars making noise of horns, you sometimes can’t even see the carpet of highway. The increased population and expansion of residential areas and highways in all directions cause conflicts in directions. We sometimes see an interchange with over 5 highways merging at one line; … Read more
