Civil Engineering Blog

In handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations by Frank R. Spellman PDF, the intent of the author is twofold. The first intent is to consolidate the information and experience in waterworks and wastewater treatment plant operations that have evolved as a result of technological advances in the field, and as a result of the concepts and policies promulgated by the environmental laws and the subsequent guidelines. The second intent is to discuss step-by-step procedures for the correct and efficient operation of water and wastewater treatment systems. Tertiary to this twofold intent is the proper preparation of operators to qualify for state licensure and certification examinations.

Download Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations by Frank R. Spellman PDF

The indented notes displayed in various locations throughout this text indicate or emphasize important points to study carefully.

This text is not about the planning, designing, or construction of water and wastewater treatment facilities. While these tasks are paramount to conception and construction of needed facilities and needed infrastructure, many excellent texts are available that cover these important areas. This text is not about engineering at all. Instead, it is about operations and is designed for the operator. We often forget the old axiom: someone must build it, but once built, someone must operate it. It is the operation of it that concerns us here.

This text is accessible to those who have no experience with water and wastewater operations. If you work through the text systematically, you can acquire and understanding of and skill in water and wastewater operations. This will add a critical component to your professional knowledge.

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations

Frank R. Spellman
Handbook of Water and Wastewater treatment plant operations

Contents of the Book

1. Problems Facing Water and Wastewater Treatment Operations
2. Water and Wastewater Operators and Their Roles
3. Water and Wastewater References, Models, and Terminology
4. Water and Wastewater Math Operations
5. Water Hydraulics
6. Fundamentals of Electricity
7. Hydraulic Machines: Pumps
8. Water and Wastewater Conveyance
9. Flow Measurement
10. Basic Water Chemistry
11. Water Microbiology
12. Water Ecology
13. Water Quality
14. Biomonitoring, Monitoring, Sampling, and Testing
15. Potable Water Sources
16. Watershed Protection
17. Water Treatment Operations and Unit Processes
18. Wastewater Treatment

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Civil engineering is a vast subject. After graduation a civil engineer must remember important point on every aspect of civil engineering Objective Type Questions Book PDF. With this objective, competitive examinations are conducted to select candidates for admission to postgraduate courses, UPSE, BHEL, ONGC, NTPC organizations.

Civil Engineering Objective Type Questions by S. S. Bhavikatti

As it is difficult to go through all books on various subjects, this book has been prepared to enable the candidate to glance through all the subjects and  prepare themselves for the competitive examinations. Each aspect with important formulae, equations, definitions, principles, etc., it is first presented briefly and then an exhaustive set of objective type question with keys at the end are presented. The author hopes all Undergraduate students, students prepare for competitive examinations and practicing engineering will find this book useful.

Content of the Book Civil Engineering Objective Type Questions PDF

1. Materials of Construction

1.1 Stones
1.2 Characteristics of Good Building Stones
1.3 Timber
1.4 Bricks
1.5 Clay Products
1.6 Ferrous Metals
1.7 Non-Ferrous Metals
1.8 Alloys
1.9 Cement
1.10 Mortar
1.11 Cement Concrete
1.12 Concreting
1.13 Lime
1.14 Pozzolanas
1.15 Paints, Varnishes and Distempers
1.16 Miscellaneous Materials

2. Building Construction

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Foundations
2.3 Roofs

3. Surveying

3.1 Surveying
3.2 Errors in Surveying
3.3 Levelling
3.4 Permanent Adjustments of Dumpy level and Theodolite
3.5 Circular Curves
3.6 Precise Levelling

4. Engineering Mechanics

4.1 Resultant and Equilibrium of System of Coplanar Concurrent Forces
4.2 Beams
4.3 Friction
4.4 Centre of Gravity and Mass Moment of Inertia
4.5 Work Energy Method
4.6 Rotation of Rigid Bodies

5. Strength of Materials

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Simple Stresses and Strains
5.3 Compound Stresses and Strains
5.4 Theories of Failure
5.5 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
5.6 Stresses in Beams
5.7 Torsion
5.8 Thin and Thick Cylinders and Spheres
5.9 Columns and Struts

6. Structural Analysis

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Influence Lines
6.3 Cables and Suspension Bridges
6.4 Slope Deflection Method
6.5 Moment Distribution Method
6.6 Column Analogy Method
6.7 Influence Line Diagrams for Statically Indeterminate Beams
6.8 Analysis of Multistorey Buildings by Approximate Methods
6.9 Two Hinged Arches
6.10 Matrix Method of Structure Analysis
6.11 Plastic Analysis

7. R.C.C. Design (As Per IS : 456-2000)

7.1 Methods of R.C.C. Design
7.2 Strength of Doubly Reinforced Sections
7.3 Limit State of Serviceability
7.4 Requirements of Reinforcements
7.5 Design of Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs
7.6 Yield Line Analysis of Slabs

8. Steel Structures (As Per IS 800-2007)

8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
8.2 Principle of Limit State Design
8.3 Bolted Connections
8.4 Welded Connections
8.5 Design of Tension Member
8.6 Design of Compression Members
8.7 Column Splice
8.8 Design of Beams

9. Fluid Mechanics

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Kinematics of Fluid Motion
9.3 Dynamics of Fluids
9.4 Laws of Mechanics
9.5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10. Hydraulic Machines

10.1 Turbine
10.2 Types of Hydraulic Turbines
10.3 Pumps

11. Irrigation Engineering

11.1 Quality of Irrigation Water
11.2 Canal Irrigation System
11.3 Sedimentation Transport and Design of Channels
11.4 Cross Section of Canal
11.5 Waterlogging and Salinity of Soil
11.6 Diversion Head Works
11.7 Hydraulic Jump
11.8 Theories of Seepage
11.9 Canal Falls
11.10 Miscellaneous Canal Structures
11.11 Tank Irrigation

12. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Properties of Soils
12.3 Permeability of Soil
12.4 Seepage
12.5 Compressibility and Consolidation
12.6 Shear Strength
12.7 Earth Pressure and Retaining Structure
12.8 Foundations
12.9 Soil Stabilization
12.10 Types of Foundations
13. Environmental Engineering
13.1 Sources of Water
13.2 Sanitary Engineering
14. Highway Engineering
14.1 Role of Transportation
14.2 Highway Construction
14.3 Traffic Engineering

15. Railway Engineering

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sleepers
15.3 Ballast
15.4 Geometric Design
15.5 Curves

16.1 Tunnel Drainage

17. Docks and Harbour Engineering
17.1 Types of Harbours
17.2 Features of a Harbour

18. Bridge Engineering

18.1 History of Bridges
18.2 Selection of Bridge Site

19. Airport Engineering

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Terminal Area

Download Civil Engineering Objective Type Questions by S.S. Bhavikatii

Artlantis is a family of stand-alone rendering applications developed for architects and designers.Below will you find a link to Artlantis Studio Download free Version 5.1.2.2 for both 32 bit and 64 bit applications multi-lingual.

What is Artlantis Studio?

Recognized and recommended by leading software developers, Artlantis is compatible with models designed using most 3D software. A recognized leader in preview window technology, Artlantis is the rendering software used by architects, designers and urban design professionals in more than 80 countries.

Chosen by more than 85,000 architects, designers, space planners, interior designers, urban planners, and landscape architects in over 80 countries, Artlantis Studio is the most intuitive, effective and accessible photorealistic rendering solution on the market.  Thanks to its graphic interface that requires no special training or experience in computer graphics, Artlantis studio is easily learned in a few hours.

Features of Artlantis Studio

Artlantis Studio is the fastest stand-alone 3D rendering application developed especially for architects and designers, ideal for quickly and easily creating high resolution 3D renderings, QuickTime VR Panoramas, Objects and animations. A recognized leader in preview window technology, Artlantis is the rendering software used by architects, designers and urban design professionals in more than 80 countries.

Artlantis Studio Download free V5.1.2.2 (X86 / X64)

Architects and engineers often rely on drawings and models of their projects to aid in their work. However, 2D computer-aided design (CAD) models don't always provide these professionals with the speed and accuracy they need to complete projects or find solutions to challenges. 3D modeling has been used by architects around the world for many years to improve the efficiency and aesthetic of their designs.

Models are essential to architects and engineers, but they don't have to remain content with using traditional 2D drawings and renderings of their projects. 3D modeling that uses data collected from laser scanners can give these professionals the advantages they need to finish projects quickly, efficiently and within budget.

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Septic tank maintenance is one of the most overlooked aspects of plumbing and sewer maintenance among homeowners today. Partly, this is because nobody really wants to think about their septic tank – it does a dirty job, and most people don’t like to dwell on it, especially if it needs upkeep.

5 Ways To Maintain Your Septic Tank For A Long Lifespan - And How To Know When You Need A Replacement

But septic tank repairs are among the most costly projects that a homeowner has to undertake. A total replacement of a critically damaged septic system can take weeks – and cost you upwards of $10,000. Repairs to a more well-maintained system are significantly cheaper – ranging from about $1,000-$4,000, with an average of about $2,000. Clearly, it’s better to catch your septic problems sooner rather than later.

Still, proper maintenance of a septic tank can avoid costly repairs altogether, so it’s a good idea to know what basic steps need to be taken to maintain your septic tank – whether you hire a technician or do it yourself.

So here are the 5 simplest ways to maintain your septic tank and ensure it has a long lifespan – and how to know when you need to replace it.

1. Pump Your Septic Tank Regularly 

Once a year, you should either inspect your septic tank yourself, or have a professional plumbing Winnipeg expert do so. You’ll want to measure the depth of the “scum” layer – the highest level of liquid in the tank. If it comes in at 3” from the top of the outlet, your tank needs to be pumped.

Measure the “sludge” also – this is the material that sits on the bottom of the septic tank. If it’s within 12” of the outlet, your tank needs to be pumped.

Pumping your tank regularly can stop catastrophic overflow, and if you hire a technician for the job, you can get a good sense of the performance and lifespan of your tank.

2. Don’t Flush Trash Down The Toilet.

There are two things that should be flushed down your toilet if you have a septic tank. Human waste and toilet paper. That’s it. You may be able to get away with flushing other things if you are connected directly to sewer system – though you still shouldn’t do so – but you can’t get away with this if you have a septic tank.

Anything you flush that’s not extremely biodegradable and meant to be kept in a septic tank will cause issues. This includes:

• Cigarette butts
• Tampons and sanitary napkins
• Diapers
• Paints, varnishes, or other chemical applications
• Paper towels or rags that are not built to break apart in septic systems
• Coffee grounds, nut shells, egg shells, and other kitchen waste
• Greases and fats
• Motor oils
• Condoms

And anything else you could think to flush – even hair, such as shaving clippings and beard trimmings, should not be flushed when you are using a septic system.

3. Watch For Signs Of Failure 

Catching the failure of your septic tank early can be the difference between a total replacement, or some basic repairs. Watch for:

- Odors, suspicious sewage, wet spots, excess vegetation at your drain field
- Backups in your plumbing
- Strange gurgling sounds in your pipes and septic system
- Fixtures that drain slowly

These are all signs of imminent septic tank failure – or a septic tank that is currently failing.

4. Keep Records Of The Location, Design, And Maintenance of Your Tank 

Having robust records of all of the details and maintenance that has been done to your septic tank is a great way to ensure that any professionals working on your tank will have a comprehensive knowledge of the system they’re dealing with, and allow future owners of the house to have a record of your septic system and its lifespan.

5.  When In Doubt, Call A Professional. Seriously. 

Did we mention a full septic tank replacement can cost you $10,000 on the low end? If you think something is wrong with your septic system, and you’re not willing, able, or qualified to maintain or check your tank, call a professional septic technician.

A $100 service call is much cheaper than a full septic tank replacement – and if nothing is wrong, you’ll still have peace of mind, knowing your tank is functioning as designed.

Don’t Risk Your Tank – Or Your Cash

By following these simple tips – maintaining and pumping your tank, avoiding the flushing of dangerous items, watching your system for failure, keeping good records of tank maintenance, and calling a professional if you think something is wrong – you can guarantee that your tank lives a long life, and avoid an extremely costly septic tank repair or replacement.

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Examples for usage of Stilt Floor

Stilt Floor Parking

Confused between Stilt Parking and Basement Parking?

building Supported on Stilt Floor