Saad Iqbal When bricks are laid in mortar in a proper systematic manner, they form a homogeneous mass, which can withstand forces without disintegration. This mass of the structure, so made by the use of bricks is called \”Brick Masonry\” or simply \”Brick work\”. Bricks are of uniform size and shape, light in weight, durable, fire resistant, … Read more
Industrial activities play an important role in the economic well-being of a country contributing to sustainable growth. However, industrial activities also have a significant impact on the environment. Industrial Sector Combustion Emissions, How to reduce and control? The largest industrial installations account for a considerable share of total emissions of key atmospheric pollutants and also … Read more
This is one of the oldest non-destructive tests and it is still widely used. It was devised in 1948 by Ernst Schmidt, and is therefore known also as Schmidt hammer, or sclerometer, test. The hardness measured by the rebound hammer is quite different from the hardness determined in tests on metals which involve indentation. Rebound … Read more
Conservation of water supplies is increasingly important as the demand continues to increase and new sources of supply are becoming increasingly scarce. The principle of conservation requires that full use of available water be made by minimizing the water loss due to seepage during conveyance in the canals. Canal lining offers the solution because it … Read more
Solution of the sulfates of various bases including sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium react with hydrated cement paste forming gypsum or a compound called ettringite (sulphoaluminate) which leads to the expansion and disruption of the concrete and mortar this process is referred as sulphate attack. Sulphate attack is a chemical break down mechanism where suphate … Read more