Saad IQBALSand replacement test method is used to determine the field density or in-place density of earth embankments, road fills, sub-grade, sub-base or any of compacted material. This method serves as base upon which one can accept the density of a compacted material to a specified magnitude or to a percentage of maximum unit dry density … Read more
In any construction project it is obligation of a contractor to establish a well equipped material testing laboratory. Quality Control Manager or Quality Control Inspector has a team along with Material Engineer from consultant end and one material engineer from the contractor\’s end. Both of these persons try to optimize the quality standards and thus … Read more
The purpose of this book is to familiarize civil engineering and construction technology students withtwo of the most important materials of construction, Portland cement (PC) and Portland cement con-crete (PCC). People frequently make the error of using these terms interchangeably. It is important tokeep in mind that PC is a powder, while PCC is initially … Read more
Concrete pavements have been used for highways, airports, streets, local roads, parking lots, industrial facilities, and other types of infrastructure. When properly designed and built out of durable materials, concrete pavements can provide many decades of service with little or no maintenance. Concrete generally has a higher initial cost than asphalt but lasts longer and … Read more
Post tensioning structures are used in the design of buildings, bridges, and other structures with great tensile strength. There are several different types of materials used to make these structures, including steel cables and bars, high-strength steels, concrete, or fiberglass with or without steel fibers. When the material is put under tension during construction (or … Read more