Why is the span length ratio of end span/approach span to its neighboring inner spans usually about 0.75?

From aesthetic point of view, an odd number of spans with a decrease in length in the direction of abutment is desirable. Moreover, spans of equal length are found to be boring. However, the arrangement of irregular span lengths is not recommended because it gives a feeling of uneasiness. From structural point of view, for … Read more

In the design of a simply supported skew bridge, which direction of reinforcement should be provided?

In the conventional design of steel reinforcement for a simply supported skew bridge, a set of reinforcement is usually placed parallel to free edge while the other set is designed parallel to the fixed edge. However, this kind of arrangement is not the most efficient way of placing the reinforcement. The reason is that in … Read more

Download Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures by Dr. Iqbal Ali [PDF]

The subject of Irrigation has assumed a worldwide importance since it holds the key to provide food to the teeming billions living in developed and developing countries. The science of irrigation engineering vary from situation to situation. The science of irrigation engineering vary from situation to situation. In the riverless middle east it depends on … Read more